LEVA Conference is Fast Approaching

Oct 10th, 2012 - Filed under: Blog

This year’s LEVA conference is in beautiful San Diego, CA from October 22 – 26. I will be co-presenting a workshop on image authentication with Catalin Grigoras, PhD, and Jeffrey Smith on Wednesday, October 24.

LEVA’s conferences are always filled with several workshops and classes that are valuable to the forensic video analyst. In addition, there are several segments that are also of value to anyone involved in forensic photography and photographic analysis.

Check out their conference schedule and come to learn and share information; and to enjoy the great weather and geography of Southern California. Hope to see you there!

RTI (Reflective Transformation Imaging)

Sep 26th, 2012 - Filed under: Blog

In my last post I mentioned that we have some training coming up in this technology in December, and I want to explain a bit more about it.

I first learned about this technology from Bruce Zuckerman, PhD. He is a professor at USC and also the director of the West Semitic Research and Inscriptifact Projects. His work is fascinating – he and his team photograph ancient artifacts around the world, then attempt to read the writing on them. Their challenge is often very similar to what we face in forensic image analysis – having subjects with very little information, and trying to get everything one can out of them. Bruce has invited me to visit his facility a few times and has shown me their work, including their RTI work. One day I called and asked if he could give me a full demonstration of the RTI process. He agreed, and photographer Ken Zuckerman and Associate Director Marilyn Lundberg, PhD spent an afternoon with me, showing me the process, step-by-step.

Here’s a short description of that process. The camera is set up and remains stationary for 18 or more photographs. For each photograph, the light source is moved to a different location. Included in the photographs is a reflective sphere. It is essential that the camera, subject, and sphere remain stationary during the photography. These images are then processed with the RTI software. Once processed, one can view the subject; and by moving the cursor, the lighting changes. You see, not just the 18 separate images that were taken, but also all of the lighting ratios between them. And, you can also change the reflective quality of the surface of the subject, enabling the images to be additionally enhanced.

The advantage of this technology is that more detail can be seen in objects that have three-dimensional pattern marks – such as footwear impressions, tool marks, indented writing, obliterated serial numbers, tire impressions, etc. It is an excellent method to get more information from these subjects that are sometimes very elusive. There have been some forensic cases that have involved the use of this technology and an article has appeared about it in the Journal of Forensic Identification.

If you have an interest in this technology, I hope you’ll join us for the training we’re having in December. We’ve teamed up with Cultural Heritage Imaging (they have been providing training in RTI imaging to museums for several years). This will be a five-day training opportunity, specific for forensic uses of this technology. There is no guarantee that this workshop will be repeated – however, CHI does offer training in RTI on an ongoing basis.

Updated Training Calendar

Sep 18th, 2012 - Filed under: Blog

I have updated my training calendar which includes several exciting new workshops:

At the LEVA conference, coming up at the end of October, I will be presenting a workshop in Image Authentication with Dr. Catalin Grigoras and Jeffrey Smith. In addition, there are quite a number of great workshops and seminars scheduled. Be sure to look at the schedule, and I hope to see you in beautiful San Diego!

Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) Training in San Luis Obispo, CA. Two great things here. First, I have partnered with Culture Heritage Imaging to present this five day training workshop in some very cool technology. The technology is a combination of a photographic technique and image processing for enhancing pattern evidence (footwear impression, indented writing, obliterated serial numbers, tool marks, etc.). The software is free – so once you’ve completed this workshop, you have no further expense. Second, this workshop is in San Luis Obispo – a beautiful area on the central coast of California. We have a great location, a great price for the workshop (this workshop is discounted $400 and we have added a day to CHI’s normal schedule), and some very cool technology. I plan to post more about this technology in a future blog post.

And, I have partnered with Jimmy Schroering to present two workshops in Automation in the Forensic Video Analysis Workflow. These will cover things from the simple (customizing Photoshop and using Presets), to the moderate (creating complex Photoshop Actions and custom panels using Configurator), to the challenging (writing your own scripts for Photoshop and WinHex).

In addition to these, there are a few of my standard workshops coming up. Be sure to check out the Calendar page to keep up-to-date on what’s coming up – I plan to add one or two additional new workshops in the coming few months!

Free Law Enforcement Training at Photoshop World Las Vegas

Sep 1st, 2012 - Filed under: Blog

John Penn is offering a free day of training for law enforcement at this year’s Photoshop World in Las Vegas. Topics will include:
Image Verification
Advanced Camera Technologies
Photographic Techniques
Video, Still, and Audio Workflows for Investigations
Open Discussion and Feedback with Photoshop Engineers

If you are heading out to Photoshop World, this will be a great opportunity and something to be sure to participate in. It will take place on Friday, September 7 from 9 – 4. If you want to attend this event, contact John Penn at jpenn(at)adobe.com. You can tell him I sent you.

What Training Should Your Forensic Photographer, Photo Analyst or Video Analyst Have?

Jun 6th, 2012 - Filed under: Blog

As I mentioned last week, I get asked for my CV during initial phone calls from attorneys. This series of posts is to help the attorney understand what to look for when reading the CVs of experts in forensic photography, photographic analysis, and video analysis, and this post specifically regarding the expert’s training.

There is excellent training specifically in these disciplines. The International Association for Identification holds an annual conference that includes training in all three of these disciplines. LEVA holds an annual conference and also sponsors training throughout the year in Forensic Video Analysis and Forensic Imaging Techniques. The National Center for Video Forensics has a workshop available in image authentication. Plus, there are courses at colleges, universities, and through private firms (I offer training in these disciplines, for example). Be sure your expert has had both discipline specific training as well as forensic training in their discipline.

The reason it is important that the expert have training in forensic aspects of their specialty is that there are specific issues in forensics that do not exist in other fields. In forensic specific workshops in these disciplines, the analyst or photographer will learn, not just the technical aspects of the discipline, but also about legal issues, the forensic workflow, best practices in forensics, chain-of-custody, report writing, etc. In addition, forensic specific classes will cover discipline specific issues that are not covered in non-forensic training.

Personally, I try to attend at least two training sessions per year. Every expert should keep up with current technology and legal issues. Just as attorneys take part in continuing education, your expert should be doing the same. Be certain that your expert is keeping up to date with recent training, classes, workshops.

The bottom line is, as great as the expert appears in their discipline, make sure that they have also had forensic specific training in their discipline as well. Make sure that they are also current – taking workshops regularly so that they maintain knowledge in quickly changing technology and with current legal issues.

Expert Credentials

One of the first things that I get asked for when an attorney calls is a copy of my CV. An expert’s CV can tell you a lot, but when looking at a forensic photographer, photographic analyst, or video analyst, how should it be evaluated to make sure that you are getting a qualified expert? What should you be looking for on our CVs?

This week I’ll address work experience. In the coming weeks I’ll also discuss training, certifications, testimony experience, and some peripheral issues.

One thing to note is that there is a huge difference between the worlds of photography and video in the commercial world versus the forensics world. When searching for an expert, I would want someone with experience specifically in forensic or legal aspects of photography, or video analysis. Look at their work history and how many cases that they work in forensics. Ask how long they have worked in photography, photographic analysis, or video analysis; and what percentage of their work is forensic based. For me, I’ve been working in photography for over 30 years, and in forensics for over 20 years. I have fifteen years experience at a police department in the field of forensic photography, image analysis and video analysis.

Interestingly, the world of civil law and criminal law have their differences as well. I remember my first deposition in a civil case some eight years ago. It was unlike anything I had seen in the criminal cases I had worked. Your expert should understand their role in your case as well as the procedures regarding reports, depositions, court, etc.

The bottom line regarding experience – make sure your expert is experienced in their discipline, and also in the forensic application of that discipline. The workflow of the commercial photographer or post production video editor may be excellent in their own field, but may fall apart in a forensic environment.

Next week we’ll discuss what training to look for in your forensic video analyst, forensic photo analyst, or legal photographer.

Image Authentication Techniques

Dec 27th, 2011 - Filed under: Blog

I had the pleasure of attending a workshop on Image Authentication at the National Center for Media Forensics at the University of Colorado a few weeks ago. It was presented by Catalin Grigoras, PhD and we utilized multiple methods of analyzing still images to determine if an image is a camera original, and even some methods that can show specifically where images had been altered. The workshop also included PRNU analysis on both still and video images.

The workshop was an excellent overview of the various methods used in image authentication and an introduction to some of the tools that can be used for this application. Dr. Girgoras provided dozens of test images for us to run through the various tools, and provided time to discuss each case.

For anyone working in the field of image authentication, this is a worthwhile course to take. It will provide a better understanding of the tools and processes available to determine whether an image is what it purports to be.

In Photography and Video – We Want the Original Images

It always surprises me how often retaining attorneys send me digital copies of scanned color laser prints of photos in PDF format, or transcoded video files to do an analysis. Sometimes these images resemble their originals – sometimes they are a far cry from them.

To do the best enhancement, analysis, or authentication possible, originals are needed. Exact, logical copies of digital evidence is fine if the originals are digital.

With photographs, the original is the digital file as it came from the camera, or the negative from a film camera. If it’s a PDF, it is not the original.

With security digital video recorders, the original is an exact copy of the original data recorded by the DVR. If the file plays on a standard DVD player – it probably isn’t the original.

Determining if the still photos or video files are originals does involve more than simply determining whether the video plays on a standard DVD player, or if the still image file is in a JPEG file format – but those are good starts.

Whether you are using an expert or not – start demanding exact copies of the original visual evidence in your cases – it will make a significant difference in what that evidence can tell you.

Photoshop’s Image Processor

Jul 6th, 2011 - Filed under: Blog

I just learned about an update to the Image Processor that supports nine file formats (including PNG), allows the selection of all the common output profiles, enables file renaming and custom folder naming.

I mention it here because this is a tool that I use frequently, that I usually include in my workshops, and that I think this update will be valuable to many forensics users.

Here’s a link to John Nack’s post about it, along with the place to download the new Image Processor Pro.

Is your expert an expert?

Mar 17th, 2011 - Filed under: Blog Tags:

On a recent case opposing counsel hired a forensic photographer. The case involved an accident at night in which visibility was a key factor. The role of the forensic photographer in a case like this is to photograph the area to visually show what a person could see in such an environment. This may involve checking weather conditions, visibility conditions, lighting conditions, and getting information about the exact location of the incident, etc. Of course, it also involves a thorough understanding of how to accurately reproduce the scene photographically.

In this case, the opposing “expert” photographed the wrong area and used the wrong equipment. In his deposition, he was asked about the lighting, and his response included, “Again, this is out of my kind of area. I’m there to push the button.”

He was asked later in the deposition about his role as a forensic photographer, to which he stated, “… I think of it as kind of a movie set. Okay. We have a producer … director … and a cameraman, me.” This photographer obviously doesn’t think of himself as an expert, but as just the person to, “… push the button.”

When I visited the same scene, I checked the weather conditions, moon phase and position, and lighting conditions. I referred to photographs taken the night of the accident and the following day for orientation. And, I read depositions of witnesses. I used the proper equipment, took light readings, and made thorough notes about my observations. When I made prints, I used a calibrated monitor and printer, and valid methods for reproducing the proper tonal values in the prints. I was able to explain when I was deposed how I knew what to photograph, when to photograph the area, what equipment was proper to use, and how I know that my prints represented the scene as it was the night I took the photographs.

Next time you need a forensic photographer, be sure to get an expert, rather than the “cameraman” who is just there to “push the button.”

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